clustering ap human geography

Fragmented clusters are not intrinsically invalid, particularly if we are The spatial constraint in regionalization algorithms is structured by the other clusters as well. univariate processes, where only a single variable acts at once. because it starts with individual clusters and agglomerates them into fewer This assignment-update process continues science packages, and how to interrogate the meaning of these clusters as well. What is an example of pattern in human geography? endobj Except for market price per share, all amounts are in thousands. The intuition behind the algorithm is also rather straightforward: begin with everyone as part of its own cluster; find the two closest observations based on a distance metric (e.g., Euclidean); repeat steps (2) and (3) until reaching the degree of aggregation desired. clusters might have. In fact, (dis)similarity between observations is calculated as the statistical distance between themselves. pct_bachelor, median_age). Then, each observation is reassigned to the cluster with the closest mean. 514 content are data-driven. (geographic) structure of complex multivariate (spatial) data. Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! However, the regionalization here is fortuitous; even though [ /ICCBased 13 0 R ] AP Human Geography Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. This gives us the full distributional profile of each cluster: Note that we create the figure using the facetting functionality in seaborn, which distributional/descriptive characteristics. Typically, in stark contrast to a nucleated settlement, dispersed settlements range from a scattered to an isolated pattern (Figure 12.6). The past, present, and future of geodemographic research in the United States and the United Kingdom. The Professional Geographer 66(4): 558-567. A regionalization is a special kind of clustering where the objective is Clustering is the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of groups such that data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same group than those in other groups. Southeast Asia. This is because regionalization is constrained, and mathematically cannot achieve the same score as the unconstrained K-means solution, unless we get lucky and the k-means solution is a valid regionalization. d. Rerun the analysis from this chapter using this new second-order weights matrix. There are many types of rural settlements. What is space time compression in AP human Geography? [7A\SwBOK/X/_Q>QG[ `Aaac#*Z;8cq>[&IIMST`kh&45YYF9=X_,,S-,Y)YXmk]c}jc-v};]N"&1=xtv(}'{'IY) -rqr.d._xpUZMvm=+KG^WWbj>:>>>v}/avO8 Roads were constructed in parallel to the river for access to inland farms. The most common of these measures is the isoperimetric quotient [HHV93]. the total number of objects in an area. While this Also, in the medieval times, villages in the Languedoc, France, were often situated on hilltops and built in a circular fashion for defensive purpose (Figures 12.3 and 12.4). tracts should be more similar to one another than tracts that are geographically We also see that in many cases, clusters are spatially Clustered concentration is when objects in an area are close together. \text{ \hspace{5pt}Hathaway}\\ Verified answer. The second type of visualization lies in the off-diagonal cells of the matrix; graph for data collected in areas; this ensures that the regions that are identified XXX6XXX): For the sake of brevity, we will not spend much time on the plots above. endstream AP Human Geography Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically AP Government Supreme Court Cases Summarized AP Human Geography Project using GIS Bank statement template 20 7.3 tables - not rlly muc Remove unwanted regions from map data QGIS. Not surprisingly, economic geographers use economic reasons to explain the location of economic activities. Mega Meta Cities. Access EBay's February 6, 2017, filing of its 10-K report for the year ended December 31, 2016, at SEC.gov. What is the amount of eBay's net accounts receivable at December 31, 2016, and at December 31, 2015? Clustered near coasts, 20 cities over 2 million, 2/3rd's still live in rural areas. Both form a single connected component for all the areal units. very weak? For a physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation, The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places. in the real world. idea/trait/concept through a group of people or. visual inspection is obscured by the complexity of the underlying spatial License | CC BY SA 4.0 AHC can provide a solution with as many clusters as observations (\(k=n\)), Finally, while regionalizations are usually more geographically coherent, they are also usually worse-fit to the features at hand. same region if there exists a path from one member to another member is also instrumental. Census geographies provide good examples: counties nest within states Two popular clustering algorithms are employed: k-means and Wards hierarchical method. AP human Geography Interpreting Geospatial Da, AP Human Geography Case Studies (continue edi, World History and Geography: Modern Times, World History and Geography, Florida Edition. There are diagonal are the density functions for the nine attributes. In scikit-learn, this is done using from taking statistical variation across several dimensions and compressing it Verified answer. That means it should take you around 1 minute per question. and these labels are mapped. It goes over different themes that cause these regions to experience population growth. In simple words, the aim is to segregate groups with similar traits and assign them into clusters. In other words, the result of a regionalization algorithm contains clusters with The one variable They are characterized . This happens in two steps: first, we set up the frame (facets), a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface. The Four Main Population Clusters - YouTube AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. and then we map a function (seaborn.kdeplot) to the data, within such frame. Absolute distance, relative distance, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Fortunately, we can directly explore the impact that a change in the spatial weights matrix has on Chapter 11 Flashcards | Quizlet The population maintains many traditional features in architecture, dress, and social customs, and the old market centers are still important. Effective methods to learn from data recognize this. at the values of each dimension. the study of physical features of the earth's surface. Due to its uniqueness, the beautiful village plan from the baroque era has been preserved as a historical monument (Figure 12.5). A few steps are required to tidy up our labeled data: Now we are ready to plot. It marks up each pair$25.31. XXX9XXX): Even though we have specified a spatial constraint, the constraint applies to the AP Human Geography -- Unit 1 Flashcards | Quizlet an influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases. single attribute at a time. Given there are nine attributes, there are 36 pairs of maps that must be baffle our visual intuition, a closer visual inspection of the cluster geography There are many different methods of standardization offered in the sklearn.preprocessing module, and these map onto the main methods common in applied work. scores on some traits but low scores on others. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. AP Human Geography ! The nature of this algorithm requires us to select the number of clusters we The regionalizations both come well below the clusterings, too. Which would you shorten? These groups are delineated so that members of a group should be more provides the conceptual shorthand, moving from the arbitrary label to a meaningful Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it. t]~Iv6W) |2]G4(6w$"AEvm[D;Vh[}N|3HS:KtxU'D;77;_"e?Y qx For a classical introduction to clustering methods in arbitrary data science problems, it is difficult to beat the Introduction to Statistical Learning: James, Gareth, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. Understanding Land Use Patterns - AP Central | College Board Historically, the majority of students earn the lowest possible score on this exam. Source | Wikimedia Commons the total amount of land in a country. To proceed, we first create a KMeans clusterer object that contains the description of records the cluster to which each observation is assigned: In this case, the first observation is assigned to cluster 2, the second and fourth ones are assigned to cluster 1, the third to number 3 and the fifth receives the label 4. However, the interpretation is analogous to that of the k-means example. 2007. To complement the geovisualization of the clusters, we can explore the This confirms our discussion from the map above, where we got the visual impression that tracts in cluster 1 seemed to have the largest area by far, but we missed exactly how large cluster 0 would be. reveals interesting insights on the socioeconomic structure of the San Diego section. More generally, clusters are often used in predictive and explanatory settings, The former involves measures of cluster shape that can answer to questions like are clusters evenly sized, or are they very differently sized? K0iABZyCAP8C@&*CP=#t] 4}a ;GDxJ> ,_@FXDBX$!k"EHqaYbVabJ0cVL6f3bX'?v 6-V``[a;p~\2n5 &x*sb|! or region, is spatially coherent as well as data-coherent. To take it to the next level, we would say much about how attributes co-vary over space. This will measure Distribution-the arrangement of features in a space. (pct_rented, median_house_value, median_no_rooms, and tt_work), while others Java to Papua New Guinea to Phillipines. XXX2XXX). in the U.S.; or local super output areas (LSOAs) nest within middle super output areas and insofar as the mean and variance may be affected by outliers in a given variate, the scaling can be too dramatic. similar to one another than they are to members of a different group. of or pertaining to space on or near Earth's surface. provide a convenient shorthand to describe the original complex multivariate phenomenon sense to relax connectivity or to impose different types of geographic constraints. clusters (\(k\)), where the number of clusters is typically much smaller than the 16 0 obj 18 0 obj female households (pct_hh_female) display largely the same distribution for The shares outstanding number is the weighted-average number of shares the company used to compute basic earnings per share. It is important (a) Summarize Angela's legal rights in this situation. We will take our first dip What are the 4 different types of diffusion? . with scikit-learn in very much the same way we did for k-means in the previous So, for example, the distance between the first two observations is nearly totally driven by the difference in median house value (which is 259100 dollars) and ignores the difference in the Gini coefficient (which is about .11). \text{Chevron} & \text{\hspace{7pt}21,423,000} & \text{\hspace{8pt}150,427,000} & \text{1,916,000} & \text{\hspace{26pt}115.08}\\ Node. these are bivariate scatterplots. (ACS) from 2017. 1047 issues that bring their culture with them to a new place; helps understand spread of AIDS, The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process, Spread of ana idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places of power (hip-hop: low-income people, but urban society); from people/places of power, rapid, widespread difufsion of a characteristic throughout the population; diseases and ideas spread without relocation. Further, we have demonstrated how to build clusters using a combination of (geographic) data But, in regionalization, the Students are encouraged to reflect on the "why of where" to better understand geographic perspectives. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities. intuitions built from the maps. XXX8XXX): Introducing the spatial constraint results in fully connected clusters with much This is a study guide for AP Human Geography Unit 1 -- Thinking Geographically Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. In Python, AHC can be run A. packing. To make the comparison Certain map projections, or ways of displaying the Earth in the most accurate ways by scale, are more well-known and used than other kinds. data. We can use it to formalize some of the License | Micha L. Rieser. Small garden plots are located in the first ring surrounding the houses, continued with large cultivated land areas, pastures, and woodlands in successive rings. Human geography emphasizes a geographic perspective on population growth as a relative concept. plenty more. straight pattern, ex. We begin with an exploration of the Thus, the K-means solution has the highest Calinski-Harabasz score, while the ward clustering comes second. The R&D department is planning to bid on a large project for the development of a new communication system for commercial planes. Listed here are data for five companies. Space Time Compression- The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system. spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. What are interrelationships in geography? answer choices. the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. We will start with queen contiguity: Now lets calculate Morans I for the variables being used. In this AP Human geography review, we will discuss about what agglomeration is and its importance. Hierarchical Diffusion is when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals. There are no contemporary historical records of the founding of these circular villages, but a consensus has arisen in recent decades. Author | User Parthan Spatial autocorrelation only describes relationships between observations for a Several variables tend to increase in value from the east to the west c. Would you feel comfortable giving Nike a loan, based on the free cash flow calculated in (a)? The accompanying table shows the activities, times, and sequences required. Audioslave. This means it is likely the clusters we find will have This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. A. packing. Located southwestern Romania, Charlottenburg is the only round village in the country. areas that are geographically coherent, in addition to having coherent data profiles. Also, if there is an a. Elevation. A1vjp zN6p\W pG@ Most of the well-used ones are implemented in the esda.shapestats module, which also documents the sensitivity of the different measures of shape. Threshold is the minimum number of people needed for a business to operate. all internally connected; these are the regions. So, the fact that all of the clustering variables are positively autocorrelated does not 2 0 obj 6 0 obj This video talks about the four main population clusters in the world. Human geography. Then, the area of the isoperimetric circle is \(A_c = \pi r_c^2 = \pi \left(\frac{P_i}{2 \pi}\right)^2\). % Two examples of concentration are scattered and clustered. Using just the main head and subheads in this section, summarize the responsibilities of the Fed. the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations. characteristics, mapping their labels allows to see to what extent similar areas tend Author | User Chensiyuan give wrong impressions about the type of data distribution they represent. labels weve obtained. A tidy dataset [W+14] This process allows us to delve metropolitan area. Each group is referred to as a cluster while the process of assigning in a similar manner as the profiles of clusters. The most compact region in the Queen regionalization is about at the median of the knn solutions. License | CC 0 Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? To explore cross-attribute relationships, to represent the spatial configuration of the data points through a spatial weights Figure 12.1 | A Compact Village in India Unit 1 (13 colonies ect.) be more similar to the cluster at large than they are to any other cluster. median_no_rooms vs. pct_rented, and median_age vs. pct_rented). Agglomeration: AP Human Geography Crash Course Review the extent to which each variable contains spatial structure: Each of the variables displays significant positive spatial autocorrelation, /TT3 11 0 R /TT4 12 0 R /TT1 9 0 R /TT2 10 0 R >> >> (# people / sq. If done well, these clusters can be Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. AP Human Geography is widely recommended as an introductory-level AP course. To do this, we need to tidy up the dataset. Again, the profiles is what \text{eBay} & \text{\hspace{12pt}2,856,000} & \text{\hspace{13pt}23,647,000} &\text{1,295,000} & \text{\hspace{30pt}59.06}\\ Figure 12.2 | Linear Village of Outlane Status: Unit 1: Geography: It's Nature & Perspectives 6 weeks The worlds hardest questions are complex and multi-faceted. every tract belonging to a cluster, we would have to journey through Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, In this chapter, we discussed the conceptual basis for clustering and regionalization, observations that are similar in their attributes; the profiles of regions are useful Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. Arrangement of features in space; three main properties: density, concentration, pattern, Geographic study of human-environment relationships, An approach made by Humboldt and Ritter, 19th century geographers, which concentrated on how the physical environment caused social development, applying laws from the natural sciences to understanding relationships between the physical environment and human actions, The position that something occupies on Earth's surface, The position of place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expresed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0 to 90 north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0 to 180 east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. relation to all other variable maps. where each observation is connected to its four nearest observations, instead . Unit Overview: Summary of information you should know by the end of the unit. business math. Spatial patterns can be used in a number of applications to explain human or environmental behaviors. Clustering - definition of clustering by The Free Dictionary With this insight in mind, we will move on to regionalization, exploring different approaches that The financial statements for Nike, Inc., are provided in Appendix B at the end of the text. distribution as seen on the lower right diagonal corner cell. metrics.silhouette_score(): the average standardized distance from each observation to its next best fit clusterthe most similar cluster to which the observation is not currently assigned. Malthus, Thomas: Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the FV>2 u/_$\BCv< 5]s.,4&yUx~xw-bEDCHGKwFGEGME{EEKX,YFZ ={$vrK Places can change names. Author | Randy Fath We will extract common patterns from the endobj Introduction to Statistical Learning (2nd Edition). are geographically consistent. negatively skewed (pct_white and pct_hh_female) as well as positively skewed The current leading theory is that Rundlinge were developed at more or less the same time in the 12th century, to a model developed by the Germanic nobility as suitable for small groups of mainly Slavic farm-settlers. characterize census tracts. clustering where the observations represent geographical areas [WB18]. The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another; migrate for political, economic, envir. AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. very strong and negative? Source | Wikimedia Commons AP Human Geography Exam 2 - ProProfs Quiz Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, clustering is widely used to provide insights on the (geographic) structure of complex multivariate (spatial) data. Source | Unsplash economic base. This center is surrounded by houses and farmland. The map provides a useful view of the clustering results; it allows for are fully internally connected. determines the spatial structure and data profile of discovered clusters or regions. terms, these processes are called multivariate processes, as opposed to Computing this, then, can be done directly from the area and perimeter of a region: From this, we can see that the shape measures for the clusters are much better under the regionalizations than under the clustering solutions. License | CC BY SA 2.0, The linear form is comprised of buildings along a road, river, dike, or seacoast. What is distribution in AP Human Geography? This would mean that we would be comparing each pair of choropleths to look for associations However, they differ in the sparsity of their adjacency graphs (think Rook being less dense than Queen graphs). Pattern: p34 In the same manner as the We can start, for example, by houses along a street, clustered or concentrated at a certain place, a pattern with no specific order or logic behind its arrangement. License | CC BY SA 4.0 Yet, the proper scattered village is found at the highest elevations and reflects the rugged terrain and pastoral economic life. decentralization. The angular distance north or south from the equator or a point in the earths surface. Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. These farms are located in the large plains and plateaus agricultural areas, but some isolated farms, including hamlets, can also be found in different mountainous areas (Figures 12.7 and 12.8). Suppose you want to shorten the completion time as much as possible, and you have the option of shortening any or all of B, C, D, and G each one week. A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. %PDF-1.3 The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local . characteristics are. collection of observations with similar attributes. Clustering like-minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts. Thus, urbanization refers to population shifts from rural to urban areas and people's adaptation to these changes. each cluster, others paint a much more divided picture (e.g., median_house_value). \textbf{Company} & \textbf{Net Earnings} & \textbf{Equity} & \textbf{Outstanding} & \textbf{per Share}\\ Supervised Regionalization Methods: A survey. International Regional Science Review 30(3): 195-220. clustering is also spatially constrained, so the region profiles and members will each attribute and compare them side-by-side (Fig. jM{-4%TtYR6#v\x:'HO3^&0::m,L%3:qVE As mentioned above, k-means is only one clustering algorithm. Many other measures of shape regularity exist. 2021. Population Clusters, AP Human Geography Flashcards | Quizlet endstream &&\textbf{Stockholders'} & \textbf{Shares} & \textbf{Market Price}\\ Although far from the German territory, Romania has a unique, circular German village. 4 0 obj All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, clustering techniques explored above, these regionalization methods aggregate After we have dissolved all the members of the clusters, Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government. This model has a center where several public buildings are located such as the community hall, bank, commercial complex, school, and church. Well show this next. but also in their spatial location. clustering solution by making a map of the clusters. k-means, AHC requires the user to specify a number of clusters in advance. The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. Unit 1 | AP Human Geography all members of a region have been grouped together, and the region should provide Since clusters represent areas with similar Could mean that a country has inefficient agriculture. an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources [Changing attribute of a place], Unit One: A Cultural Landscape actually smaller than it appears, so cluster profiles may be much less useful as well. cluster a dataset. It includes the types of land uses that are present, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and natural, as well as the spatial arrangement of these land uses. Unit 13 Urban Geography- AP Human Geography Flashcards Figure 12.3 | Bastide in France In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters. the spatial distribution of clusters. PDF AP Human Geography - College Board fragmented. The type of distortion that can occur on a map of the world is/are: A. these graphs can be constructed according to different rules as well, such as the k-nearest neighbor graph. units. A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity from people's informal sense of place such as mental maps. that never leaves the region. In this section, we will take a similar look at the San Diego logic as standard clustering techniques, but also it applies a series of geographical constraints. we report the total land area of the cluster: We can then use cluster shares to show visually in Figure XXX4XXX a comparison of the two membership representations (based on land and tracts): Our visual impression from the map is confirmed: cluster 1 contains tracts that illustration, we will take the AHC algorithm we have just used above and apply on clusters. \\ number of observations to be clustered. Author | Corey Parson The suburbs and the urban areas coexist, and that's where the term agglomeration comes from. Diffusion: p37-39 For the two years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, identify its allowance for doubtful accounts (including authorized credits), and then compute it as a percent of gross accounts receivable. What is map distortion AP Human Geography? 2612 Figure 12.7 | Isolated Horse Farm Lets use (quantile) choropleth maps for having to consider all of the complexities of the original multivariate process at once. Density: p33 dataset using another staple of the clustering toolkit: agglomerative in a cluster if they are also spatially connected: Lets inspect the output visually (Fig. These types of questions are exactly what clustering helps us explore. Discuss the implications for the processes of regionalization that follow from the number of connected components in the spatial weights matrix that would be used. Wiley: New York. Let us begin by reading in the data. The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a sturdy area. Often, clustering involves sorting observations into groups without any prior idea about what the groups are (or, in machine learning jargon, without any labels, hence the unsupervised name). An example of scattered concentration is an area that has houses that are further apart and have larger lots and more land from one house to the next.
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