This suggests that E1b1b may indeed have appeared in East Africa, then expanded north until the Levant. This evidence suggests that at the end of the last glaciation 12,000 years ago, E1b1b men were present in the Levant, but not in other parts of the Near East. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. L791 and Z21466 have a mostly European distribution today and their ages point toward a Neolithic diffusion. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR et al. The probability of observing a particular haplotype, if present, in a randomly collected set was assessed by the equation (1q)n=(1P), where P is the probability of observing the haplotype, q is the minimum frequency of the haplotype to be observed and n is the number of chromosomes. [15] It was impossible to determine his cause of death. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. The earliest known prehistoric sample to date is an E-V13 from Catalonia dating from 5000 BCE. Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J : On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. Subsequently, the expansion is thought to have continued along the south-eastern coast (East-Bantu route).5 In an alternative model, the split came later after passage through the rain forest.3, 4 The Bantu language family is distributed throughout most of sub-equatorial Africa and is the continents largest, both in terms of the numbers of individuals speaking it and its geographic spread.2, 6, 7 This level of linguistic homogeneity among geographically distant populations across sub-Saharan Africa supports the suggestion of rapid expansion. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. There are at least three distinct sources of E-V13 in Italy. TMRCA for E1b1a as a whole was estimated at 61756588 YBP with the TMRCA for the youngest haplogroup (E1b1a8a1a) estimated at 11001638 YBP. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a (defined by U181) with a very recent TMRCA of only 11001638 YBP is very different, however, being restricted to Nigeria and the east side of sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). See Supplementary Table S4 for Guthrie classifications of all Bantu-speaking groups included in the analysis. [9] Brucato et al. Yet, according to TMRCA (Time of Most Recent Common Ancestor) estimates, all carriers of this haplogroup descend from a common ancestor who lived only 2,100 years ago, about 5,000 years too late for the Neolithic hypothesis to hold ground. The highest percentage of E-M81 in Europe is found among the Pasiegos (30%, n=101), an isolated community living in the mountains of Cantabria. This led to considerable confusion. Something is wrong: Where do black people come from? In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. The highest frequencies of E-M123 are observed in Jordan (31% near the Dead Sea), Ethiopia (5-20%), Israel/Palestine (10-12% among the Palestinians and the Jews), among the Bedouins (8%), in Lebanon (5%), in North Africa (3-5%), Anatolia (3-6%) and southern Europe, particularly Italy (1 to 8%), in the Spanish region of Extremadura (4%), and the Balearic islands of Ibiza and Minorca (average 10%). Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al. Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of - Nature Recently, Alves et al33 analysing a battery of 14 DIPSTRs (ie, deletion/insertion polymorphisms tightly linked to STRs) in 19 Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola concluded that it is becoming increasingly difficult to accept models, suggesting an early split between eastern and western Bantu-speaking populations, whereas Montano et al34 analysing NRY UEPs and STRs in groups from Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Congo concluded that the evolutionary scenario is more complex than previously thought. E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. Category: Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b "We must make it very clear that the paternal Israelite lineage E1B1A is the most important lineage of the Israelites but we can include the maternal haplogroups of L2 and L3. (2018) tested the DNA of seven 15,000-year-old modern humans from Taforalt Cave in northeastern Morocco, and all of the six males belonged to haplogroup E-M78. Where Did Haplogroup E1b1b Originate and Expand From? Comparisons made without including data sets from South Africa and Mozambique, so as to exclude the possibility of admixture between western and eastern Bantu-speaking expansions in the southern extremity of the continent, remain significant for both presence/absence of E1b1a8a1a in data sets and for frequency of the haplogroup (P<0.01). The pooled frequencies of E1b1a component haplogroups, based on their geographic locations, are also shown in Figure 2. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. Interestingly, de Filippo et al31 recently reported differences in the frequencies of haplogroups E1b1a and E1b1a7 between Bantu and Non-Bantu Niger-Congo speakers. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. The Wright Brothers, the inventors of the world's first successful airplane, belonged to haplogroup E-V13 (S7461 subclade). The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 439458. E1B1A must be the standard for determining whether or not a male is a descendant of the Biblical Israelites. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component haplogroups in sub-Saharan African groups with sample totals. Annu Rev Anthropol 2001; 30: 181207. In this study, haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, the haplogroup with the shortest TMRCA, was observed in all eastern data sets (three from Malawi, one from Mozambique (in both cases, all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages N and P spoken on the eastern side of Africa) and one from Pretoria, n (samples)=18) but in none of the eight western groups (all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages H, B and C spoken on the western side of Africa) (Fishers exact test: haplogroup present/absent in data set P=0.0008; haplogroup frequency P<0.0001). Ethiopia/Sudan, and the Levant. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). CAS People and Disease. [31] 15% (10/69) of Hutus in Rwanda tested positive for M58. This data suggests that the fate of E-V13 was linked to the elite dominance of Bronze Age society. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. and JavaScript. [30][38] However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. Sir David Attenborough (b. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Origins and history of Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Academia.edu As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. As for E1a (the parent of E1b1b and E1b1a), it seems to have never left Africa at all. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. 1973) might belong to haplogroup E-V13. The Greeks remained in control of the Middle East until the Roman conquest, then regained influence over the region during the Byzantine period. These lineages continued to expand around the Middle East, Greece and Italy during the Bronze Age. Despite this level of diversity, however, there is a high level of similarity between groups.20. Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. Montano et al. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. Analysis of diversity and rough estimates of times to the most recent common ancestors of haplogroups provide evidence of multiple expansions along eastern and western routes and a late, exclusively eastern route, expansion. and Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages). Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. Science 2003; 300: 597603. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 92. Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Science 2009; 324: 10351044. [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. Proto-Italics would have been a predominantly R1b-U152 tribe, but also carried a minority of E-V13, G2a-L140 (L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades) and J2a1-L70 (PF5456 and Z2177 subclades). The range and mean of sample sizes of the 43 groups are 25118 and 63, respectively. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. Besides, E1b1b was not found in Neolithic Iran or Anatolia, and only showed up twice among the hundreds of Neolithic European samples that have been tested. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. E1b1a (L576) This population represents an East to West thrust in Africa, only E1b1a lineage able to survive crossing the A1b1 territories. Mol Biol Evol 2004; 21: 16731682. [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29: E88. e1b1a is Bantu? Previously collected buccal-swab DNA samples from ethnic groups across sub-Saharan Africa were extracted by the standard phenol-chloroform method. Genealogical relationships of UEP markers used to define NRY haplogroups. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component [c] E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa. Haplogroup E-M2 - Wikipedia Article Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. [67] The place of origin and age is unreported. [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. Thank you for visiting nature.com. [12] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP. All of the groups characterised in this study speak a Niger-Congo language, except for the Anuak in south-west Ethiopia who speak a Nilo-Saharan language. The story of M81 is very unusual in that it is so young and diversified into a multitude of subclades within just a few centuries. Pakendorf et al7 identify and provide evidence of greater complexity in the process of the EBSP as suggested by Alves et al33 and Montano et al.34. It is believed to have first appeared in the Horn of Africa approximately 26,000 years ago and dispersed to North Africa and the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. NAP was supported by NERC-Case PhD studentship. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. His brother is the producer, director and actor Richard Attenborough (b. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 482490. Hammer MF : A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes. In this study, we analysed unique event polymorphism and short tandem repeat variation in non-recombining Y-chromosome haplogroups contained within the E1b1a haplogroup, which is exclusive to individuals of recent African ancestry, in a large, geographically widely distributed, set of sub-Saharan Africans (groups=43, n=2757), all of whom, except one Nilo-Saharan-speaking group, spoke a Niger-Congo language and most a Bantu tongue. E1b1a in the Levant? - YouTube DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. But in any case E-V13 was definitely not the major Neolithic European lineage it was once alleged to be. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. According to the results, Canaanite ancestry is a mix of indigenous populations who settled the Levant (the region encompassing much of modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian . Whether these E-M78 samples came with Neolithic farmers from the Near East or were already present among Mesolithic Europeans is unclear at present. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b which split from E1b1a, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. This era, which ended in a large-scale civilization collapse across this region ( Cline, 2014 ), shaped later periods both demographically and culturally. . CAS 2002 ). Peaks among the Saho Saho . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 975979. The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). If you are new to genetic genealogy, please check our Introduction to phylogenetics to understand how to read a phylogenetic tree. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org). [26] West Africans (e.g., Mende of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype,[29][26] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. The low percentage of E-V13 is coastal Sardinia would be better explained by more recent settlements on the island by the Romans, or even the Goths, who also settled in Sardinia. Sociological data were also collected from most individuals, including age, current residence, birthplace, self-declared cultural identity, first language, second language and (when available) religion of the individual, as well as similar information on the individuals father, mother, paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. Google Scholar. Nature 1995; 378: 376378. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. Y-DNA Haplogroup E: E1b1b and E1b1a - Your DNA Guide The TMRCA at 47005300 YBP is entirely consistent with the haplogroup being present in West Africa at the dawn of the EBSP. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries. The Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project managed to retrace the ancestry and identify the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of William Harvey (1578 -1657), the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. There is an increasing evidence that the expansion was a more complex process than originally thought and that neither a single demographic event nor an early split between western and eastern groups occurred. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. E-M2 is approximately 7.77.9% of total US male population. It is likely that most E-V13 in the Middle East is ultimately of Greek or Roman origin, although some might have come with Bronze Age Indo-European migrations via Iran. Beleza S, Gusmao L, Amorim A et al. Haplogroup E-V68 - Wikipedia [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent.