The Rwandan genocide : r/MorbidReality - Reddit In an apparent jab at Paris, Mushikiwabo welcomed French citizens to Monday's stadium ceremony. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. [36][37] The Belgians modernised the Rwandan economy, but Tutsi supremacy remained, leaving the Hutu disenfranchised. But a choice must be made: the same commercial transaction cannot be both a hidden purchase of military equipment and a declared purchase of machetes, whether in preparation for the genocide or not. By the time that force arrived in full, however, the genocide had been over for months. [201][202][203] In another case, thousands sought refuge in the Official Technical School (cole technique officielle) in Kigali where Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were stationed. He was reportedly "join[ing] a long list of Mr Kagame's opponents who have disappeared or died". "[142] An exception to this was the new army chief of staff, Marcel Gatsinzi; Bagosora's preferred candidate Augustin Bizimungu was rejected by the crisis committee, forcing Bagosora to agree to Gatsinzi's appointment. [270] During the first few days of the genocide, France launched Amaryllis, a military operation assisted by the Belgian army and UNAMIR, to evacuate expatriates from Rwanda. But, they support the data in the Definitive table, which shows regular and almost identical imports between 1992 and 1993. The International Criminal Court was set up in 2002, long after the Rwandan genocide so could not put on trial those responsible. At this tragic stage of the life of your country, be builders of peace and love", "For Rwandans, the pope's apology must be unbearable", "Pope Francis Asks For Catholic Church To Be Forgiven For Role in Rwandan Genocide", "The long wait: The Rwandan refugees in Zaire", "Ch. An Interahamwe Hutu militiaman holding a machete in Gitarama, centre . The narrative and infamous machete statistic has become accepted as part of history because of areportby Belgian economist Pierre Galand and Canadian Economy Professor Michel Chossudovsky. The Rwandan currency, gold and foreign exchange confiscated by the Zaireans had been looted from Rwanda's central bank. [304] Rwanda provided troops and military training to the Banyamulenge,[303] a Tutsi group in the Zairian South Kivu province,[305] helping them to defeat Zairian security forces. In 1994, Rwanda imported from China many more of these agricultural implements than were needed for farming. [96] Prosecutors at the ICTR argued, but were unable to prove, that the defendants planned the genocide prior to Habariyama's assassination. [368], Ethnic distribution of Tutsis in 1983. Rwanda Genocide Videos and HD Footage - Getty Images The assassination sparked the Burundi Civil War between Burundi's Hutu and Tutsi and the Burundi genocide, with 50,000 to 100,000 people killed in the first year of war. Soldiers, police, and militia quickly executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders who could have assumed control in the ensuing power vacuum. By early July, RPF forces had gained control over most of country, including Kigali. Organic Law N 31/2007 of 25 July 2007 Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty, National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development, United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, Coalition for the Defence of the Republic, Radio Tlvision Libre des Mille Collines, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Assassination of Juvnal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira, massacre of children at a Polish church in Gikondo, amounted to genocide under international law, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide, French Parliamentary Commission on Rwanda, Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, "Commemoration of International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda Message of the UNOV/ UNODC Director-General/ Executive Director", "Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections", "Juvenal Habyarimana, 57, Ruled Rwanda for 21 Years", "Ignoring Genocide (HRW Report Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)", "Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? [156] Other leading organisers on a national level were defence minister Augustin Bizimana; commander of the paratroopers Aloys Ntabakuze; and the head of the Presidential Guard, Protais Mpiranya. He was elected president under a new constitution ratified in 1978 and reelected in 1983 and 1988, when he was the sole candidate. Its important to note that the report didnt compare this figure to machete imports in previous years. [129] Despite disagreements about the perpetrators, many observers believe the attack and deaths of the two Hutu presidents served as the catalyst for the genocide. The pace of arrests overwhelmed the physical capacity of the Rwandan prison system, leading to what Amnesty International deemed "cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment". [303][305] These attacks caused hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee;[306] many returned to Rwanda despite the presence of the RPF, while others ventured further west into Zaire. [281], Intelligence reports indicate that United States president Bill Clinton and his cabinet were aware before the height of the massacre that a deliberate and systematic genocide to eliminate all Tutsis was planned. According to the former US deputy special envoy to Somalia, Walter Clarke: "The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US policy. [157] The killing spread to Ruhengeri, Kibuye, Kigali, Kibungo, Gikongoro and Cyangugu prefectures on 7 April;[158] in each case, local officials, responding to orders from Kigali, spread rumours that the RPF had killed the president, followed by a command to kill Tutsi. [165] They were assisted by the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi,[99] who set up roadblocks throughout the capital; each person passing the roadblock was required to show the national identity card, which included ethnicity, and any with Tutsi cards were killed immediately. Meanwhile, the RPF resumed fighting, and civil war raged alongside the genocide. With the announcement of its closing, there was a concern over how residual issues would be handled, because "The nature of criminal judicial work is such that it never really ends. [282] However, fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia shaped US policy at the time, with many commentators identifying the graphic consequences of the Battle of Mogadishu as the key reason behind the US's failure to intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide. [46] Hutu activists responded by killing Tutsis, both the elite and ordinary civilians, marking the beginning of the Rwandan Revolution. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/topics/africa/rwandan-genocide. This interview was conducted on Nov. 21, 2003. The RTLM went further than amplifying ethnic and political division; it also labeled the Tutsi as inyenzi, meaning non-human pests or cockroaches, which must be exterminated. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. The machete is an agricultural tool owned by most Rwandan households and is believed to have been the prime instrument of killing during the genocide. They characterized the Tutsi as a dangerous enemy who wanted to seize the political power at the expense of Hutus. In an effort to bring the war to a peaceful end, the Rwandan government led by Hutu president, Juvnal Habyarimana[4] signed the Arusha Accords with the RPF on 4 August 1993. [328], Government institutions, including judicial courts, were destroyed, and many judges, prosecutors, and employees were murdered during the genocide. [182] In rural areas, where Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side and families knew each other, it was easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours. [13][14] Between 700 BC and 1500 AD, a number of Bantu groups migrated into Rwanda, and began to clear forest land for agriculture. Based on these statistics, the authors drew a link between machete imports and genocidal intent. [354] In 2010, Peter Erlinder, an American law professor and attorney, was arrested in Kigali and charged with genocide denial while serving as defense counsel for presidential candidate Victoire Ingabire. [131] Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana was legally next in the line of political succession,[132] but the committee refused to recognise her authority. [204], Rape was used as a tool by the Interahamwe, the chief perpetrators, to separate the consciously heterogeneous population and to drastically exhaust the opposing group. [90], From mid-1993, the Hutu Power movement represented a third major force in Rwandan politics, in addition to Habyarimana's government and the traditional moderate opposition. Rwanda marks 20 years since genocide 30 photos President Paul Kagame and U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon together lit a flame at the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre, which estimates that. The government says this is to prevent hate speech and more bloodshed but some say it prevents true reconciliation. e de The Conversation, Rwanda : les enjeux du procs de Flicien Kabuga, Platform on Violence and Exiting Violence at Fondation Maison des Sciences de lHomme, Kit de communication pour les institution membres. [166] The genocide was effectively ended during April in areas of Ruhengeri, Byumba, Kibungo and Kigali prefectures. We needed a force, and some of those recruited were thieves and criminals. Human Rights Watch, which Kigali practically views as an enemy organization, says civil and political rights in the country remain severely curtailed. [47] The Tutsi responded with attacks of their own, but by this stage the Hutu had full backing from the Belgian administration who wanted to overturn the Tutsi domination. Furthermore, with the statements that the year 1993 was of key importance in the intensive preparation efforts for the genocide and that nearly all Rwandan economic operators imported machetes in 1993, the authors infer a plan that is not backed up by the data. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. [73] Peace negotiations eventually resumed in Arusha; the resulting set of agreements, known as the Arusha Accords, were signed in August 1993 and gave the RPF positions in a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG) and in the national army. But his critics say he does not tolerate dissent and several opponents have met unexplained deaths, both in the country and abroad. Symbolization - Rwandan Genocide - Google Sites On 9 April, UN observers witnessed the massacre of children at a Polish church in Gikondo. Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana was the only Tutsi prefect, and the prefecture was the only one dominated by an opposition party. In DR Congo, thousands died from cholera, while aid groups were accused of letting much of their assistance fall into the hands of the Hutu militias. [159] The genocide began in Gitarama after the interim government relocated to the prefecture on 12 April. "[107] By the time the violence began, the young Hutu population had absorbed months of racist propaganda that characterized all Tutsis as dangerous enemies that must be killed before they seized control of the country. The RPF captured the town, benefiting from the element of surprise, and held it for one day before retreating to the forests. [317] Mobutu fled into exile, and Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Sign in Rwanda Genocide Sir Bucking-Ham Jr. 37 subscribers Subscribe 76. [248] According to an RPA officer, "There was not time to do proper screening. Rwabugiri expanded the kingdom west and north,[26][24] and initiated administrative reforms which caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations. They share the same language; the same religion; the same culture. [297][298], On 20 March 2017, Pope Francis acknowledged that while some Catholic nuns and priests in the country were killed during the genocide, others were complicit in it and took part in preparing and executing the genocide.[299]. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again. Please enter valid email address to continue. In 2005, Alison Des Forges wrote that eleven years after the genocide, films for popular audiences on the subject greatly increased the "widespread realization of the horror that had taken the lives of more than half a million Tutsi". Ingelaere, B. The trials continued over the next decade and a half, including the 2008 conviction of three former senior Rwandan defense and military officials for organizing the genocide. Without this information, it is difficult to hypothesise about the planning of the genocide. [118] Dallaire's request to protect the informant and his family and to raid the weapons caches he revealed was denied.[118]. This was the first document to label the Tutsi and Hutu as separate races, and called for the transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on what it termed "statistical law". [272], In late June 1994, France launched Opration Turquoise, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for displaced persons, refugees, and civilians in danger; from bases in the Zairian cities of Goma and Bukavu, the French entered southwestern Rwanda and established the zone Turquoise, within the CyanguguKibuyeGikongoro triangle, an area occupying approximately a fifth of Rwanda. [222] As well as fighting the war, Kagame was recruiting heavily to expand the army. [69] For the next year, the RPF waged a hit-and-run style guerrilla war, capturing some border areas but not making significant gains against the Rwandan army. By the early 1990s, Rwanda, a small country with an overwhelmingly agricultural economy, had one of the highest population densities in Africa. The machete data used in the Galand-Chossudovsky report is, therefore, incomplete, inaccurate and unreliable. Human rights groups say RPF fighters killed thousands of Hutu civilians as they took power - and more after they went into DR Congo to pursue the Interahamwe. According to Human Rights Watch, after the embargo, they diverted their arm trade through Goma airport in Zaire. Destruction en vol du Falcon 50 Kigali", Reuters: French probe exonerates Rwanda leader in genocide, "Rwanda's Untold Story. The Hutu propaganda depicted Tutsi women as "a sexually seductive 'fifth column' in league with the Hutus' enemies". [208], Many of the survivors became infected with HIV from the HIV-infected men recruited by the genocidaires. [245][246] Gersony's personal conclusion was that between April and August 1994, the RPF had killed "between 25,000 and 45,000 persons, between 5,000 and 10,000 persons each month from April through July and 5,000 for the month of August. Rwanda genocide of 1994, planned campaign of mass murder in Rwanda that occurred over the course of some 100 days in April-July 1994. [193], The succeeding RPF government claims that 1,074,017 people were killed in the genocide, 94% of whom were Tutsi. [56] Habyarimana founded the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND) party in 1975,[57] and promulgated a new constitution following a 1978 referendum, making the country a one-party state in which every citizen had to belong to the MRND. He also accused France of participating in the execution of parts of the genocide violence. After the battle, the bodies of several US casualties of the conflict were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by crowds of local civilians and members of Aidid's Somali National Alliance. The sole leader of Rwandan government for the next two decades, Habyarimana founded a new political party, the National Revolutionary Movement for Development (NRMD). His government has advanced women's rights, economic development and health care. [10][227] Some witnesses blamed Kagame himself for ordering killings. Ever since the massive killing spree, the world community has been forced to acknowledge that it stood by and did nothing. The operation does not appear in the Importers table, though there are two import licences for 48 tonnes in Kabugas name. In 1959, the Hutus overthrew the Tutsi monarchy and tens of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighbouring countries, including Uganda. After this, Rwanda conducted no further executions, albeit it continued to issue death sentences until 2003. [130] The committee was headed by Bagosora, despite the presence of the more senior Ndindiliyimana. At the time, ID cards had people's ethnic group on them, so militias set up roadblocks where Tutsis were slaughtered, often with machetes which most Rwandans kept around the house. [293] Bishop Misago was accused of corruption and complicity in the genocide, but he was cleared of all charges in 2000. Rwandan President Paul Kagame addresses the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of his country's genocide at Amahoro Stadium April 7, 2014, in Kigali, Rwanda. [240][241][242], After the RPF took power in Rwanda, UNHCR sent a team led by Robert Gersony to investigate the prospects for a speedy return of the nearly two million refugees that had fled Rwanda since April. 609-637. 27 Rwanda Machete Videos and HD Footage - Getty Images 27 Rwanda Machete Premium Video Footage Browse 27 rwanda machete videos and clips available to use in your projects, or start a new search to explore more footage and b-roll video clips. By the end of the 100-day killing spree, around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus had been killed. [243] The Gersony Report did not technically exist because Gersony did not complete it,[244] but a summary of an oral presentation of his findings was leaked in 2010. [303] Mobutu had supported the genocidaires based in the camps, and was also accused of allowing attacks on Tutsi people within Zaire. It was not until 1996 that courts finally began trials for genocide cases with the enactment of Organic Law No. [201] The militia used machetes and rifles to kill every person who tried to escape. By early 1961, victorious Hutus had forced Rwandas Tutsi monarch into exile and declared the country a republic. The genocide was sparked by the death of the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, when his plane was shot down above Kigali airport on 6 April 1994. In 1995, the ICTR began indicting and trying a number of higher-ranking people for their role in the Rwandan genocide; the process was made more difficult because the whereabouts of many suspects were unknown. Unknown / vacant / partyless MRND MDR PSD PL Tutsi burgomaster Unclear / complicated, "Tutsi Genocide" redirects here. Interviews | Ghosts Of Rwanda | FRONTLINE | PBS Machetes and Firearms: The Organization of Massacres in Rwanda [187], In the remaining prefectures, killings continued throughout May and June, although they became increasingly low-key and sporadic;[166] most Tutsi were already dead, and the interim government wished to rein in the growing anarchy and engage the population in fighting the RPF. Thousands of Tutsi women were taken away and kept as sex slaves. [80] Apart from the CDR, there was no party that was exclusively part of the Power movement. [190] In July, the RPF completed their conquest of the country, with the exception of the zone occupied by Operation Turquoise. "[284] Eighty percent of the discussion in Washington concerned the evacuation of American citizens. Witnesses testified that they had directed a death squad to the victims' hiding place and had given them petrol with which to burn down the building. [347] However, in reality, this has not guaranteed freedom of speech or expression given that the government has declared many forms of speech fall into the exceptions. The Ministry of Education, on Wednesday, April 26, held an event to remember employees of the former ministries in charge of education who perished during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. As in the case of atrocities committed in the former Yugoslavia around the same time, the international community largely remained on the sidelines during the Rwandan genocide. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}0% Tutsi 45.5% Tutsi, Map showing the geographical strongholds of the Rwandan political parties at the beginning of April 1994. In this case, the Importers table is inaccurate in not reporting imports in 1992. Part of German East Africa from 1897 to 1918, Rwanda became a Belgian trusteeship underaLeague of Nations mandate after World War I, along with neighboring Burundi. [341], Meanwhile, the UN established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), based in Arusha, Tanzania. Genocidal killings began the following day when majority Hutu soldiers, police, and militia murdered key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders. The machete was a powerful symbol because it was the main killing weapon in the Rwandan genocide. Rwandan genocide - Wikipedia [84], To make the economic, social and political conflict look more like an ethnic conflict, the President's entourage, including the army, launched propaganda campaigns to fabricate events of ethnic crisis caused by the Tutsi and the RPF. Video, 00:02:17France opens landmark Rwanda trial, Karegeya 'was enemy of the state' Video, 00:03:40Karegeya 'was enemy of the state', Unmissable Met Gala moments in under 30 seconds. [334][335] In parallel, the 2007 UN resolution presented and campaigns continued for a global moratorium on capital punishment. The then-governing party, MRND, had a youth wing called the Interahamwe, which was turned into a militia to carry out the slaughter. Among the principal objectives of the courts were identification of the truth about what happened during the genocide, speeding up the process of trying genocide suspects, national unity and reconciliation, and demonstrating the capacity of the Rwandan people to resolve their own problems. It seems extremely unlikely that, for a period of 18 months, not a single piece of farm equipment was imported into Rwanda. In April 1994, Butare, now Huye District, saw unfathomable mass murders, rapes, and other atrocities committed against the Tutsi. The catalyst became Habyarimana's assassination on 6 April 1994, creating a power vacuum and ending peace accords. [339] Most trials were open to the public, but there were issues with witness intimidation. Tutsi were increasingly viewed with suspicion. For machetes as well as other products, it shows a relatively stable import market between 1991 and 1994. The broadcasters told crude jokes and used offensive language that contrasted strongly with Radio Rwanda's more formal news reports. [329] These barriers caused the trials to proceed very slowly: with 130,000 suspects held in Rwandan prisons after the genocide,[329] 3,343 cases were handled between 1996 and the end of 2000. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. So perhaps it was listed in 1993. [118][257] Seizing the weapons was argued to be squarely within UNAMIR's mandate; both sides had requested UNAMIR and it had been authorized by the UN Security Council in Resolution 872. [169] Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side in their villages, and families all knew each other, making it easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours. Zaire played a key role in supplying arms and facilitating arms flows to the Rwandan army. The narrative and infamous machete statistic has become accepted as part of history because of a . But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Sign in Rwanda genocide part 1 of 4.flv becax2000 118. [330] Of those defendants, 20% received death sentences, 32% received life in prison, and 20% were acquitted. Rwanda Genocide Videos and HD Footage - Getty Images Rwanda: The Family That Tormented and Massacred Thousands of Tutsi in [154] Following the assassination of Habyarimana, Bagosora immediately began issuing orders to kill Tutsi, addressing groups of interahamwe in person in Kigali,[155] and making telephone calls to leaders in the prefectures. Rwanda Imported 581 Tons of Machetes Leading Up to the Genocide. This narrative and infamous machete statistic has become accepted as part of history because of a report by Belgian economist Pierre Galand and Canadian Economy Professor Michel Chossudovsky. Rwandan genocide survivor on escaping machete attack - BBC News [166], The crisis committee appointed an interim government on 8 April; using the terms of the 1991 constitution instead of the Arusha Accords, the committee designated Thodore Sindikubwabo as interim president of Rwanda, while Jean Kambanda was the new prime minister. [332], The Gacaca court system faced many controversies and challenges; they were accused of being puppets of the RPF-dominated government. By 1997, Rwanda only had 50 lawyers in its judicial system. The article addresses the question to what extent . [42] In 1957, a group of Hutu scholars wrote the "Bahutu Manifesto". A pogrom was organised on 11 October 1990 in a commune in Gisenyi Province, killing 383 Tutsi. [166] The domestic opposition had already been eliminated, and UNAMIR were expressly forbidden to use force except in self-defence. In response to the accusations, the Paris government said France's justice minister would not come to Kigali as planned. [105] As the start of the genocide approached, the RTLM broadcasts focused on anti-Tutsi propaganda. [166] The goal was to kill every Tutsi living in Rwanda[181] and, with the exception of the advancing rebel RPF army, there was no opposition force to prevent or slow the killings. Did you know? Video, 00:00:56French cities witness violence in May Day demonstrations, Swiss TV host challenges man gluing himself to podium. [63] Rwigyema was killed on the third day of the attack,[64] and France and Zaire deployed forces in support of the Rwandan army, allowing them to repel the invasion. [353] Amnesty International has criticized the Rwandan government for using these laws to "criminalize legitimate dissent and criticism of the government". And the U.N. directed that peacekeepers only defend themselves thereafter. [80] For the killings of Tutsi in Burundi, see, Pre-independent Rwanda and the origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa groups, Revolution and HutuTutsi relations after independence, Rwandan Patriotic Front's military campaign and victory, Refugee crisis, insurgency, and two Congo Wars, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, THE PROSECUTOR VERSUS JEAN-PAUL AKAYESU Case No. It is really a miracle for me to stand here and speak.". Related searches: hutu tutsi war kigali africa of 6 NEXT This violence created a political vacuum, into which an interim government of extremist Hutu Power leaders from the military high command stepped on April 9. [14][18] Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was not a racial one, but principally a class or caste distinction in which the Tutsi herded cattle while the Hutu farmed the land. ", "Safer to Stay Silent: The chilling effect of Rwanda's laws on "genocide ideology" and "sectarianism", "The Arrest of ICTR Defense Counsel Peter Erlinder in Rwanda", "Watchers of the Sky | Film Review | Slant Magazine", "Watchers of the Sky | Human Rights Watch Film Festival", "Part 1: Hate media in Rwanda Call to genocide: radio in Rwanda, 1994: International Development Research Centre", "Gnocide rwandais: vingt-cinq ans de chaos collatral en Rpublique dmocratique du Congo", "Rwanda's Genocide Victims Remembered 25 Years Later", "Rwanda accuses France directly over 1994 genocide", "Closing the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Completion Strategy and Residual Issues", "French parliament inquiry into Rwandan genocide", Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, "HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa", "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", "French accused of complicity in genocide that killed a million in Rwanda", "Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Implications for International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice", "Twenty years after genocide France and Rwanda give different versions of history", "France and Rwanda agree to restore relations", "The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies", "After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda", "Human Rights Compliance and the Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda", Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, "Panel Finds French Errors in Judgment on Rwanda", "Ethnicity and Estate: The Galician Jacquerie and the Rwandan Genocide Compared", United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_genocide&oldid=1151189662, This page was last edited on 22 April 2023, at 13:24.
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