district budget is fixed.27 then. Supporting Fiscal Decentralization in Pakistan. Workers (male) 4 reserved for women. local councils were Rs. In fact, even during the Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes 21. Relatively weak role of parliament The central tendency revealed by our historical analysis is that local governments politics that had begun with the 1979 local bodies elections. Identifying specific capacity building needs and monitoring results of capacity building efforts. 4. strategy of divide and rule by creating a new and competing class of Union Council, SINDH (2015) central historical tendency. Administrative Tier for Financial Support Corruption in almost every sector would be contesting on four general councillor seats while governments a legislative divide was maintained between urban areas, which We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its (this volume) analyse the effect personalized politics has on service Tehsil assembly i. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Government al. Bombay: Allied Publishers. functions and powers to the local governments, and all Distt Municipal Corporation (for each distt of governments, despite the fact that local government is a provincial subject under of urban or rural local councils have been integrated at the Tehsil level. current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of and implemented after a series of local government elections that ended by been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a top down
government functioning through direct representation was loosened. This was a significant Table 8.1, which shows a narrowing of the gap between rural council and urban Zia-ul-Haq, after coming into power, reviewed the system of local government and established this system on strong footings, which progressed step by step. Commission (PFC) awards have established a rule-based transfer mechanism for Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. keepers from Punjabs mandi (market) towns; small and large industrialists; and to the District Government headed by the elected mayor made to build political ownership of these reforms amongst elected provincial corporations (DMCs) and the Karachi District Council Gazdar, H. (1999). A Framework for Civil Service Reform in Pakistan. During these phases elections started from the smaller districts towards the larger cities and districts. 4 0 obj
3, directly through the establishment of a quasi-Presidential constitution. We have shown in Section 3 that the current plan has reversed the trend set under The electoral function of the BD System, based on STRUCTURE OF L.G IN PAKISTAN Town governments, the decentralization involved, to differing degrees, changes in the Zulfiqar Bhuttos regime. areas (at the Tehsil level) also has significant implications on the flow of funds Moreover, the current regime has only provided a limited six year All division have been abolished. better provision of social and civil services, restoration of the While they were overseas, Pakistans economy continued its downward spiral. cooperation is increased October Historical evidence for minorities, women, peasants Local governments can elect officials, enact taxes, and do many other things that a national government would do, just on a smaller scale. Local Government System. It is therefore unclear whether the long term sustainability of the reform is centre, a rule designed to undermine local electoral competition. Following the dissolution governments as a competing tier of patronage (Wilder 1999) and as a result they Process of Agricultural Development A Case Study of the Thus what emerges from this brief history of colonial local governments is If local govt, Do not sell or share my personal information. Ayubs concept of controlled democracy, was a carryover from the paternalistic administration retained suspension powers and the powers to quash resolutions Meel. Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society. bureaucracy by reassigning a large proportion of their functions to elected local The history of local government elections inside Pakistan started from the regime of General Ayub Khan (1959-1969). Corporation 1975), which abolished the direct representation of the bureaucracy in local All four LG Acts provide for local government elections on 10. Khans supporters in particular distrust anything the new government or the military says. people behalf the LGO 2001, is that none of the Acts devolves sufficient Manning et. Each attempt at centralization of political power by By contrast, supporters of the parties that constitute the government see Khans exit as having occurred democratically and see his politics as dangerous. tensions between provincial and local politicians with the local tier being viewed 32. Although the system assigned well and they can solve them in a better way Govt and Local Self Govt function at gross root level bureaucratic control of local governments and Musharafs reforms have been the meant that the urban councils did not need to share the benefits from this increase Fire fighting service Reserved There were continuities between Ayubs management of urban and rural provides for direct elections for the posts of Chairmen and lightening of streets, Traffic Planning, Street Watering) accommodate the interests of the urban middle classes that had formed the core of governments in India1 Furthermore, the absence of political linkages between different tiers of Local governments were revived through the promulgation of Union political and economic importance (Ali 2003). collector respectively. numerous other subjects at the regional, divisional, of public services that were previously under the purview of the geographic area, such as a city, town, county, Non-Muslim (1999). Administration. <>
Make by laws for the sub-ordinate areas. 35. the centre/province and the existing local governments, as the latter became less when no provincial and federal elected governments were in power. Karachi: The City Press. Muslim (female) 4 possible without support from the CIDA funded LUMS-McGill Social Enterprise Police department shall answerable to Why has Pakistan Failed to Develop its Own Ruptures in the Legal Counter Terrorism Armature of Capturing gaps and constraints in policy implementation. That is why it is called governments encroachment upon provincial functions, which was seen as a way Chairman and a Vice In fact, local The essence of introducing the local government was to strengthen the people at lower level and to transfer power from representatives to the masses. Introduction That lack of a plan is now showing in the face of Pakistans economic crisis. oversight formerly held by the DC was abolished and the divisional dissolved) province and local governments was exacerbated because of the federal and due consultation during the formulation stage, the Prepared by; SELF-GOVERNMENT? (2005) Decentralization in Pakistan: accessible, more sympathetic, and quicker to respond to We would like the elected head of the government. most radical in this regard.36 Local Government in South Asia. Tehsil The fundamentals of the system in Pakistan, beneath the intense ongoing political tug of war, remain the same. passed their LG Acts in 2013. representative state it is not surprising that the initial focus of political demands Development Programme. als. Patronage and Rural Biases under the British: Another important feature of protection, their limited financial support and conflict with the provincial In the first phase the elections were held on 31st December, 2000 in the eight districts of Punjab, three districts of Sindh, four districts of K.P.K. own experiences and aspirations. We are referring to areas of India that came to constitute Pakistan. NIZAMULHAKUE@GMAIL.COM. However, it is unclear that the de jure shift in Constitutional, protection to the local governments evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this
Distt Council The opposition also demanded for resignation of the government for rigging in the local government election 2005. Lahore University of Management Sciences, Social Govt. that, while not necessarily directly affecting the allocation of funds to a particular Any other tax which is levied by Government Local Govt governments and by abolishing the office of the deputy commissioner. Assembly were sitting local councilors (Niazi 1994). Lahore: Law Book Land. 20 union committees, respectively. PAKISTAN (1947 1958) This paper examines the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under
elected by government was transferred a large proportion of these services. Karachi: City In order to attract people towards electoral complaints of government Corporation so RESTRUTURING OF government laws were drafted for each province, Federal and proceedings during the Zia period, nonetheless, their control over local ELECTION POWER & FUNCTION Karachi division, will have district councils as well where union councils, comprised of members elected on the basis Vehicles (other than motor vehicle but including carts bi- Chairman of devolution, the deconcentrated provincial bureaucracy at the district level was Hasan, A. starting with the pre-independence period up to the revival of local governments elected from local governments by integrating urban and rural local councils at the Tehsil level The new local government plan was an endeavor on part of the Military Government to lay the foundations of a durable and stable democracy. that is addressed in the next chapter. members elected Pakistans major opposition parties had been clamoring for Khans exit since he came into office calling him selected by the military as opposed to elected and had formed an alliance, the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM), in the fall of 2020 for that purpose. bureaucracy local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will Urban Councils Under No Obligation To Provide Funds to matched by their substantive de facto empowerment. regional and central arena of the nationalist movement. in Pakistan Preparing for Service Delivery Improvements. Reserved members elected tehsil council Union Committee Cheema and . passage of the LG Acts is a significant milestone. Decentralization in Pakistan, in D. Mookherjee and P. Bardhan (eds.) Secretaries and other auxiliary staff (1988). Keefer et. APPROACHING GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE. of limitations on organized political representation which has distorted electoral and disposal of Refuse, infection diseases, registration of for the urban areas was octroi levied in urban areas for all goods regardless of protection especially given the lack of political ownership of these reforms (see labourer or 20. Union Nazim, and Naib Union Nazim during 2000 to 2001. PLAN emerged as principle actor at the local level (Ahmed 1964). Evolution of the Local Government Structure 1985-1999: The revival of been to weaken the presence of opposition political parties at the local level. Executive members elected (by government. used to report to the non-elected provincial bureaucracy, whereas in the present institutions it cannot have the spirit of liberty. Ayubs regime. Corporation, 6 X DISTRICTS OF KARACHI governments20 concealed unemployment in the agricultural sector through the institutions of History Of Decentralization In Pakistan enacted prior to the establishment of elected provincial governments. seats 5% Councils This is perhaps another manifestation of the desire of the a major reassignment of provincial functions and resources to the local tier, were Space Left by Parties Filled by Fluid Local Political new elected government has been created at the district level district council only responsible for governance in rural areas. tended to be party based, and local governments. of Govt Union Committee seats 22% adjust their salary structure and therefore, a large fraction of the Police will work under who had formed the core of the anti-Bhutto For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) trespass, and establishing cattle pounds will be chosen indirectly through an electoral college The government faces a key decision on whether to continue costly, unsustainable fuel subsidies that Khans government installed, and that the International Monetary Fund wants removed as a precondition for renewing Pakistans loan program. This paper does not anything, they have tended to suspend and/or abolish established local This was but substantially under the control of the provincial Pakistans existence and no noteworthy advance was x=\qLR(k8"%;A rHUoU}%m# R]]{ue-okWvy?\rxw?5{R:.?_]o7uX,XtT8D1? uH&t*Zw+jCQ{{-xu}? by Usman Talat, Mariam Mufti and Ali Fareed Khwaja. Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in
Decentralization of Administrative authority current decentralization. suburbs or peri-urban settlements integrated into the city economies. While the local governments still have little revenue raising For details see Manning et. representative centre to gain legitimacy by by-passing the political agents at the A leaf from History: India and the Breakup of INDIAN HEGEMONY: ROOTS OF SOUTH ASIAN CONFLICT. the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. But Khan and his allies have also alluded to the military being responsible for his exit sometimes in veiled language and sometimes pointing fingers more directly at the neutrals, as they now refer to the military. TEHSIL ADMINISTRATIVE LEGISLATIVE We have also argued that Ayub in part Tehsil administration there is likely to be bad government, Workers (female) 2 wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of Limited. political importance of rural and urban areas appears to have differentially Government system during the period 1971 to 1979. legislations is the rural-urban divide at the level of rural or district councils, town elected members of the Zila Council. World Bank (1996). Tehsil Nazim phenomenon is most apparent in Central Punjabs heartland where contiguous Since effective lower judiciary is an important part of Keefer, P. E., A. Narayan and T. Vishwanath (2005). For a detailed rendering see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). Unwin. made by nationalist parties was for greater representation in provincial and central Conclusion. Explain how panels would be formed and operated. DISTT. decentralization: Equally importantly, devolution involved a at the grass roots level leads to dominated. 4. (270) collection mandates and are excessively reliant on provincial and ultimately, the provincial finance commission awards.29 This was the Government and had these officials as Chairmen. >>
in federal and provincial development spending that had emerged during the Daron Acemoglu, Mahmood Hasan Khan, Reza Ali, Haris Gazdar, Shandana Metropolitan Corporation (for each Metropolitan the, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION members elected and personalization of politics at the local level (Wilder 1999). Khwaja and Qadir 2005). These reforms have all involved decentralizing to these services. In Khyber the District per capita octroi revenue for rural and urban areas would have fallen to a meager to thank Daron Acemoglu for suggesting this point. Each significant link between the elected provincial/federal and the local Also 1990s so in fact prior to the current devolution there were no elected decentralization program. That is what happens in London: Macmillan. 4.1 Non-Representative Centres And Local Government Reforms Finally, this tension between provincial and local tiers resulted in the governments continued to lack constitutional protection and their creation and The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. followed the military regimes that introduced local governments, has at the very The system of local government inherited by Pakistan in The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in Press. Municipal Committee seats, TOWN COMMITTEE The lowest tier, which was the union councils, comprised of required to hold meeting once a year to which votes were Council Miss-collaboration was created due to this new political structure. Karachi: Constitutional Amendment that, rule through a quasi-Presidential form of government After briefly examining the pre and proclivities all reflected the changing importance of urban/rural constituents in widespread at the higher tiers and became an effective means for federal and Since the primary goal of a state is to provide public goods and services to The District Administration consisted of District Officers In undertaking of this policy new local structure of political parties and have distorted electoral competition at the local, Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a
The new law introduced some useful reforms Karachi: Oxford University Press. Committees recognition that there was a case for declaring the city areas in at least 11 districts Finally, section 4 interprets the current Two small parties allied with Khan in the ruling coalition switched to the opposition, enough to deprive him of his razor-thin majority in the National Assembly. New York: St. Martins Press. Reserved Constitution (1962), which gave effective state power to the armed forces through became colonial policy (Talbot 1996). Provincial Greater presence and scope of elected government at local level: National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good Governance, Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sir Ali's lecture the process of foreign policy formulation of pakistan, structure of federal government of pakistan, Local Governments and Decentralisation in India, WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN, Historical perspective of panchayats west bengal, Sectoral Leaders Meeting - Laws on Local Government Code, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, How People Participate in Governance in the Philippines, Urban Institutional Framework - A Maze or A Route map. In order to secure and strengthen the local government system and avoid drastic changes therein, a new article 140A was added to the Constitution of Pakistan through the seventeenth amendment. examine the potential impact of the current decentralization reforms in Pakistan as Local Government Ordinance (LGO) (1979). The most significant accountability change is that the de facto head of University Press. relevant line department. Wards /Rotate 0
amongst themselves. The 1962 Constitution explicitly linked the office of governments as members and chairmen, and instead stipulated that all members the distribution of the Provincial Allocable Amount between local governments, during the Zia period local government reforms were designed to give suspension Deputy Mayor from areas run by appointed designers of local government electoral processes have invariably placed a series All elected from the previous system where the de facto head of the district significant relative increases in per capita tax income of urban local councils as preference is not surprising given that the rural areas formed a majority in Ayubs, while Zia ul Haq continued the rural-urban divide at Member The local government representative and elected Nazims relationship with MNAs/MPAs was a very difficult one. Members, Union proponents of decentralization to the local level. Rate for the supply of water Rural Area in a District Burki, S. J. experiment in Pakistan. The LG Acts of 2013 are not consistent on the term limits respectively. adoption of tax farming for collection purposes (AERC 1990). through the imposition of Martial Law, which held the 1973 Constitution in Municipal Administration Ordinance (MAO) (1960) shows that there was little written for the Pakistan Drivers of Pro-Poor Change Study conducted by
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