EPA/600/R-19/092 https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347251 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019). Land occupation is allocated to industrial sectors using the USDAs Major Uses of Land in the United States 2012 report (MLU), accounting for total US land area through twelve use categories36. 26. where HRoW is the contribution from Rest of World, and Hd is the contribution from the US. Due to shifts in the oil and gas industry towards increased natural gas extraction, the 2002 water withdrawal coefficients likely do not reflect 2015 water withdrawals for mining industries. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370115 (2021). 28 is a slightly modified form of the model result calculation using the direct perspective. https://pasteur.epa.gov/uploads/10.23719/1365565/documents/USEEIOv1.1-DescriptionofSatelliteTableUpdates.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). Scope 3: Purchasing Data Entry | SIMAP These novel elements as well as model fundamentals are described in this paper. SMOG impacts are driven by emissions of NO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The validation results show that the model passes the check shown in Eq. In the original analysis, industrial water was allocated to NAICS 3133 using 3-digit NAICS Canadian Industrial Water Use statistics, scaled to US production by US GDP. While not part of the interindustry transactions, these sectors are somewhat analogous to commodities, and are represented as rows for each industry in the Use table. Report No. Water-Use Terminology. Updates to SCC mapping enable emissions from lawn and garden equipment to be divided between commercial and residential use. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Household consumption accounts for the largest share of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), with support of theDepartment of Energys Bioenergy Technology Office (BETO), are using USEEIO as a key resource for the development of their Bio-Economy Input-Output Model. For states that do not distinguish between irrigation used for crops and golf courses, all irrigation water is attributed to crops. The totals for household, investment, and government consumers in the Use table include consumption of direct imports as positive values. This general decrease in v2.0 factors reflects the steady national decrease in SO2 emissions from 2011 to 201769. Please click here to see any active alerts. 2014 generator-based characterization of commercial sector disposal and diversion in california. Monthly Energy Review - 2018. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2020). It is the first model version since USEEIO v1.2 capable of calculating potential environmental impacts, resource use and waste generation along with economic impacts, and builds upon the creation of the USEEIO v2 GHG models, which were a series of USEEIO models used to calculate Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors1. LCIA formatter. New for v2.0 is the use of a standard flow list for representing elementary flows, or raw materials from or returning to the technosphere. The margins present for Waste and Remediation were allocated using the total Use table commodity output. Yang, Y., Berrill, P., Miller, R., Ingwersen, W. & Li, M. National GHG Industry Attribution Model. Environmental flows generated in flowsa are checked for data loss after allocation to industry sectors, by comparing flow amounts in the original source data to flow amounts in the final output. This level of aggregation prevents targeted analysis of various waste handling activities, such as material recovery (recycling). The overall consistency in the impact intensities and rankings between v2.0 and v1.2 confirms relative consistency and robustness in the model with some changes that can be explained based on input data changes or methodological improvements. v2 models represent a second generation of USEEIO models built using an improved technical infrastructure9. The environmental and employment datasets were created with flowsa v1.0.126 as flow-by-sector data products. Ingwersen, W., Yang, Y., Gilkey, K. & Li, M. USEEIO v1.1 Description of Satellite Table Updates. For the rest of the sectors that produce the 562000 commodities, the following assumptions are made. 4. Contact. Waste management and remediation services fell out of the top 20 due to the disaggregation of the waste sectors in v2.0. To calculate emissions, estimate the lifetime electricity consumption (in kWh) for all products sold in the reporting year. Chemical releases to ground are sourced from the Toxic Release Inventory, the same source as used in v1.2. For example, if an organization produces electronic equipment, Category 11 (use of sold products) may likely be a large source of emissions. Environmentally Extended Input-Output Data.EEIO data refers to EEIO emission factors that can be used to estimate scope 1, 2, and upstream Scope 3 GHG Emissions for a given industry or product category.. EEIO data is particularly useful in screening emissions sources when prioritizing data collection efforts. Ranking sectors based a composite score of selected total impacts associated with total US demand is used as a means of prioritization in the SMM Prioritization Tools. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC# (2021). U.S. Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/naics/2012NAICS/2-digit_2012_Codes.xls (2019). J. Econ. In v2.0, one of the BEA commodities is split into 7 further resolved (more specific) commodities (404+7=411). Parallel decreases to that seen in ACID can be seen in the SMOG indicator. The values for the disaggregated waste commodities are allocated based on allocation factors derived from the Economic Census customer classes, as described below. The resulting coefficients from these calculations can be interpreted as a measure of the environmental intensity of a sector in the year the environmental data are reported, but given in terms of the IO year dollar value. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Public Land Statistics 2007. How are emission factors developed? The National GHG Industry Attribution Model27 for year 2016 was used for developing the national GHG totals by industry, which is the same flow sector attribution model used for the recently published Supply Chain GHG emission factors1, but is an update from the previous GHG satellite tables included in v1 models. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17377805 (2021). Once all the requirements are installed, the generation of v2.0 takes place in a single buildModel function to load the various data components and build the model. IPCC Emissions Factor Database. Syst. Birney, C., Conner, M. & Ingwersen, W. National water withdrawal totals by industry 2015 v1.1. This paper describes the development of the model and accompanies the release of a full model dataset as well as various supporting datasets of national environmental totals by US industry. Increase in particulate matter emissions for livestock production. Report No. 1b, rankings reveal some minor shifting of positions. Additionally, there are changes to methods of allocation. The calculated per capita GHG in the US production view of 15.57 MTCO2e/person is reasonably close to a World Bank tabulated estimate of 15.77 MTCO2e/person in 201266, considering USEEIO v2.0 is a mixed year model with the GHG emissions data representing 2016 intensity in 2012 USD. The result is available in the National Point Source Releases to Water By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset34. This is an update from v1.1, where value added data were taken from BEA Summary level Use tables for more recent years and adjusted as described in the documentation5. Scope 3 calculation method improved and boundary expanded over time. The mineral extraction data driving the MRNL impacts was not updated in v2.0. Changes in selection of data sources and methodologies for compiling these into a standard format are described below. For instance, BEA code 1111A0 oilseed farming only connects to NAICS 5-digit codes 11111 soybean farming and 11112 oilseed (except soybean) farming in the table, but in fact 11111 and 11112 have single child codes 111110 soybean farming and 111120 oilseed (except soybean) farming, respectively, as well as shared parent codes 1111 oilseed and grain farming, 111 crop production, and 11 agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting. Learn more on the project website. General Motors Carbon Disclosure United States Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) Modeling Framework for USEEIOv2.0. Salesforce Help | Article BLM/OC/ST-13/002+1165 https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls2012-web.pdf (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2013). In general, the final demand in the BEA Use table can be grouped into the following categories: yg=federal, state and local government consumption. conceptualized USEEIO v2.0, led the methodological development for model building and validation, contributed to useeior and flowsa software, supervised the team, administered the project, and led writing the manuscript. Circular 1200 https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1200 (1998). MerckCorporate Responsibility Report Birney, C., Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. National employment totals by industry 2017 v1.1. Domestic food supply chains freshwater use over time. A main assumption in the disaggregation of waste management sectors is that the receivers of waste flows are being paid for waste treatment. 157, 104795, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104795 (2020). Thus whatever is not explicitly allocated to 562211, Hazardous waste disposal, is assumed to go to Solid waste landfilling, 562112. Understanding the consumption-based accounting (CBA), production-based accounting (PBA), and emissions embodied in trade is an important prerequisite for designing climate mitigation policies. Some scope 3 categories may be relevant, but initially lack readily available data to use in estimating emissions. Emission factors should at a minimum include emissions from fuel combustion, and should, where possible, include cradle-to-gate emissions of the fuel (i.e., from extraction, processing, and transportation to the point of use). Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production. The A matrix with just domestic direct requirements, Ad, can be created using a similar derivation used for A but using the domestic form of the Use matrix. Model validation and output writing are also performed in simple statements. Industrial water withdrawals in v1.1 were calculated by scaling Canadian water withdrawals for manufacturing by US GDP. State and local government other services (GSLO): the 562000 commodity produced by this sector is split between the Solid waste collection, Solid waste landfill, Solid waste combustors and incinerators, and Material separation/recovery sectors (562111, 562212, 562213, and 562920). Using these assumptions, the waste flows between the disaggregated waste management sectors are divided by the total waste shipped between 562 sectors (as indicated in the RCRAInfo data) to obtain a percent allocation value. Article Although it is economic data, the handling of it is identical to that of the environmental and employment data used to construct the satellite tables. Young, B., Birney, C. & Ingwersen, W. National point source releases to ground by industry 2017 v1.1. It is worth noting that the Imports and Exports IO sectors (F00500 and F00400) are not classified as any customer class in the Economic Census, but are allocated as Business firms and farms for disaggregation purposes. Irrigation Golf Courses water withdrawals are assigned to NAICS 713910. Direct SMOG impacts have decreased across most agricultural commodities, especially crops (e.g. Single sources of data for a given flow are generally insufficient for providing environmental and economic performance at the level of resolution required for v2.0s 400+ industries, and therefore modeling is required to attribute or allocate environmental data from often multiple raw sources to this level of industry resolution. Blackhurst, M., Hendrickson, C. & Vidal, J. S. I. The consumption vector is defined in Eq. This disproportionate share of the original value of the waste remediation industry, combined with the industry allocations already used for the Use table columns, can result in an imbalance in the allocation totals for the disaggregated waste industries in the Use and Make tables. 95% for Fresh soybeans, canola, flaxseeds, and other oilseeds and Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains). However, the BEA table is insufficient in two aspects: Most BEA codes have explicit correspondence with NAICS codes, but BEA codes in several sector groups, including construction (23), government (G), and final demand (F), are not aligned with specific NAICS industries. Where particular elementary flows are reported in both NEI and TRI, flows are maintained from the NEI only to prevent double counting. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For example, the total flows counted by the 5-digit Waste collection (56211) sector do not equal the flows of the 6-digit Waste collection flow subsectors (562611, 562112, 562119). Name of source. The model will support BETOs mission to develop technologies for producing cost-competitive advanced biofuels from non-food biomass resources, including cellulosic biomass, algae, and wet waste (e.g., biosolids).. Producer price is the price of a commodity reflecting an industrys cost to produce it including commodity taxes11. US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) Models U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis https://www.bea.gov/industry/input-output-accounts-data (2019). We define production as final use, either within the US or abroad, of all goods and services that are produced in the US. J.V. These factors were prepared using USEEIO models, which are a life cycle models of goods and services in the US economy. Subsequently the country supply-use tables were linked via trade creating an MR-SUT and producing a MR-IOTs . & Ingwersen, W. National land occupation totals by industry 2012 v1.1. Prioritization of sectors in the US economy by greatest opportunities for environmental improvements through the use of the Sustainable Materials Management Prioritization Tools will be a primary use of v2.0. US Territories and Tribal Lands are not included. Birney, C., Conner, M., Specht, J. Young, B. et al. This follows from the use of the value added directly from the 2012 Use tables and the Leontief price model72 that the sum of all direct and indirect value added equals the index price. Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. Life-cycle impact coefficients (N matrix) of USEEIOv1.2 and v2.0.1-411. Interventions for improved emissions tracking include 1) mapping institutional purchasing account systems by groupings that match or correspond to EEIO emissions factors (e.g., NAICS, UNSPSC); 2) encouraging use of M-Marketsite and incorporating more detailed reporting of purchases when using P-Cards; and 3) updating the mapping of emissions . The additional data records are national flow totals by sectors that serve as data inputs in model building. ISSN 2052-4463 (online). Ingwersen, W., Yang, Y., Gilkey, K. & Li, M. USEEIOv1.1 - Satellite Tables. The direct perspective LCI, denoted as Gr, is calculated with Eq. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524315 (2021). U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1365565 (2017). The environmental datasets not updated since v1.2 include the Commercial non-hazardous waste excluding construction activities, Commercial non-hazardous waste from construction activities, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Releases from Agriculture, Pesticide releases, Mineral extraction, and Energy extraction (Table2). New procedures for preparing and integrating these datasets into the model are described in the Procedure for Model Building section. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370101 (2021). Increasing the Timeliness of US Annual Input-Output Accounts. Therefore, BEA code 1111A0 should be connected to all these NAICS codes in order to form a complete BEA-NAICS correspondence. Table7 lists the original data records produced for v2.0, along with their associated use in the model. The same default set of indicators used in the SMM Prioritization Tools were used in this ranking for both models. Emissions of pesticides from agricultural activities are excluded from this dataset as they are captured in the pesticides table. 54, 30913102, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06024 (2020). For v2.0, we derive two primary final demand vectors, a production vector and a consumption vector. 4, 5. This can be performed by subtracting the import matrix, Um from the Use matrix to estimate a domestic Use table, Ud, as in Eq. Figure 2 shows an example progression over time of improvement and expansion. (Springer, 2014). In flowsa, source classification codes are used to allocation emissions to one or more NAICS through activity-to-sector mapping files. Environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) analysis provides a simple and robust method for evaluating the linkages between economic consumption activities and . AC-17-A-51 https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2017). National biennial hazardous waste report 2017. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/biennial-hazardous-waste-report (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). RCRAInfo data are available by 5- and 6-digit NAICS codes, which map to the disaggregated sectors as shown in Table6. Google Scholar. EPA researchers worked with partners at US Department of Defenses (DOD) environmental research programs (the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program) to use USEEIO as the basis for re-creating an input-output model tailored to the specific needs of the DOD, such as life-cycle analysis formilitary equipment. 20. where mf is the column representing the flow of interest from the M matrix, and cn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the C matrix. http://edap-data-commons.s3.amazonaws.com/data_commons_search.html (2021). The model indicators are put in the form of an indicator x flow matrix, C, where the values are the quantitative relation of the flows to the indicator value, also known as characterization factors in the life cycle impact assessment literature. Five categories are reported in year one and 12 in year five. The BEA IO sector codes are based on the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Young, B. et al. U.S. EPA Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Commodities and Industries The U.S. EPA Supply Chain Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities dataset is a comprehensive set of supply chain emission factors covering all categories of goods and services in the U.S. economy. The operator is used for elementwise multiplication in contrast with no symbol between adjacent matrices or vectors which denotes a matrix multiplication. In a default allocation, all columns are disaggregated according to the default percentage values for each of the disaggregated sectors. 25 is substituted for L and yd Eq. Environmentally Extended Input-Output Data - Open Risk Manual sectors in an EEIO model) that drive a particular indicator value is a conventional analytical practice in life cycle assessment18. The production vector is defined in Eq. Emissions (carbon intensity) associated with fuel combustion. The resulting EEIO emissions factors can be used to estimate GHG emissions for a given industry or product category. To obtain an allocation percentage for the industries that consume Waste management and remediation services commodity (i.e. Provider. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and conducted the research described herein under an approved Quality Assurance Project Plan (K-LRTD-0030017-QP-1-3). Heijungs, R. & Suh, S. The Computational Structure of Life Cycle Assessment. PubMed The allocation percentages for the consumption of the disaggregated waste commodities by the IO industries are included in the WasteDisaggaregation_Use sheet of the primary data record, in the Use Row Sum, Commodity Output rows for the Business firms and farms customer class and in the Commodity disaggregation rows for the other customer classes. These footprints can be calculated by performing a model calculation as in Eqs. The 2016 values are applied across all years and will be updated in more recent years as new data sets are . In v2.0, withdrawals are calculated for 64 crops identified in the 2017 USDA CoA. 2021 edition of the Emission factors data package. the Use table rows), the value of the receipts received by each disaggregated waste management sector by each Economic Census customer class was divided by total value spent by that customer class on Waste management and remediation services. Birney, C. et al. 36. 26. Ei, a national total of flow by industry per year consisting of the concatenation of all the satellite tables described above, is available in varying years. Truck transportation (484000): the entirety of the 562000 commodity produced by this sector is assigned to the Solid waste collection (562111) column, as it is assumed that the truck transportation service is used in waste collection. For v2.0, the Sector Crosswalk is built based on 2012 BEA and NAICS codes and includes 2007 NAICS codes according to the 2012 NAICS to 2007 NAICS concordance by Census Bureau23. In some cases, an emissions estimate may be necessary to determine if the category is relevant based on size. 8. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524319 (2021). The GHG Emission Factors Hub provides factors for several scope 3 categories and indicates the calculation methods with which the factors align. These include all the types of resource use and environmental releases/losses from v1.15 plus the three additional waste generation datasets created for v1.27,8. There are few notable changes in intensity of CRHW in v2.0. The Economic Census data provides monetary receipt values by detailed NAICS codes and customer class. The authors declare no competing interests. Sector correspondence between the BEA and NAICS codes, or the Sector Crosswalk, is created to connect the two classification systems and enable mapping from one system to the other. The emission factor rating takes into account the test rating, the number of sources tested, and whether the sources are selected at random, represent the industry population, and are sufficiently specific (e.g., to fuel type, design, etc.) These coefficients can then by multiplied by the cost of the purchase of interest to get the respective total flow or impact associated with that cost in purchasers price. The economic outputs also checks for both models, except for the commodities Used and secondhand goods and Noncomparable imports, which have negative uses for balancing purposes in the Use table and therefore failures were expected.
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